Operators in Java

 

✅ Java Operators – Complete Guide

In Java, operators are special symbols used to perform operations on variables and values. They are grouped into several categories:

---

🔹 1. Arithmetic Operators

Used for basic mathematical operations.

Operator	Description	Example (a = 10, b = 5)	Result
+	Addition	a + b	15
-	Subtraction	a - b	5
*	Multiplication	a * b	50
/	Division	a / b	2
%	Modulus (Remainder)	a % b	0

🔹 2. Relational (Comparison) Operators

Used to compare two values, returning a boolean (true or false).

Operator	Description	Example	Result
==	Equal to	a == b	false
!=	Not equal to	a != b	true
>	Greater than	a > b	true
<	Less than	a < b	false
>=	Greater than or equal	a >= b	true
<=	Less than or equal	a <= b	false

🔹 3. Logical Operators (used with boolean values)

Operator	Name	Description	Example
&&	Logical AND	True if both conditions are true	(a > 0 && b > 0) → true
||	Logical OR	True if any one of the  conditions is true	(a > 0 || b > 0) → true
!	Logical NOT	Reverses the boolean result	!(a > b) → true if a < b

📝 Note: && and || use short-circuit evaluation:

• A || B: If A is true, B is not evaluated.

• A && B: If A is false, B is not evaluated.

---

🔹 4. Bitwise Operators (used with integer types for binary operations)

Operator	Name	Description	Example (a = 5, b = 3)	Result
&	AND	1 if both bits are 1	a & b = 0101 & 0011 = 0001 → 1
|	OR	1 if any one of  bit is 1	1 if at least one bit is 1	`a
^	XOR	1 if bits are different	a ^ b = 0101 ^ 0011 = 0110 → 6
~	NOT	Inverts bits	~a = ~0101 = 1010
<<	Left shift	Shifts bits to the left (×2 per shift)	a << 1 = 1010 = 10
>>	Right shift	Shifts bits to the right (÷2 per shift)	a >> 1 = 0010 = 2
>>>	Unsigned right shift	Same as >> but fills left with 0	a >>> 1

🔹 5. Assignment Operators

Used to assign values or update a variable using an operation.

Operator	Example	Meaning
=	a = b	Assign b to a
+=	a += b	a = a + b
-=	a -= b	a = a - b
*=	a *= b	a = a * b
/=	a /= b	a = a / b
%=	a %= b	a = a % b
&=	a &= b	a = a & b
`	=`	`a
^=	a ^= b	a = a ^ b
<<=	a <<= b	a = a << b
>>=	a >>= b	a = a >> b
>>>=	a >>>= b	a = a >>> b

🔹 6. Unary Operators

Operate on a single operand.

Operator	Description	Example
+	Unary plus	+a
-	Unary minus	-a
++	Increment (prefix or postfix)	++a, a++
--	Decrement (prefix or postfix)	--a, a--
!	Logical NOT	!true → false
~	Bitwise NOT	~a

🔹 7. Ternary Operator

A short-hand for if-else.

int max = (a > b) ? a : b;

This means:
If a > b → max = a, else → max = b.

---

🔹 8. Type Comparison Operator

Operator	Description	Example
instanceof	Checks object type	s instanceof String → true

🔹 9. Other Special Operators

Operator	Description
.	Member access (dot)
[]	Array access
()	Method call
new	Object creation
::	Method reference (Java 8+)

Sample Code to Demonstrate Key Operators

public class OperatorDemo {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int a = 10, b = 5;

        // Arithmetic
        System.out.println("Addition: " + (a + b));

        // Relational
        System.out.println("a > b: " + (a > b));

        // Logical
        System.out.println("Logical OR: " + (a > 0 || b < 0));

        // Bitwise
        System.out.println("Bitwise OR: " + (a | b));
        System.out.println("Bitwise XOR: " + (a ^ b));

        // Assignment
        a += 3;
        System.out.println("After a += 3: " + a);

        // Ternary
        int max = (a > b) ? a : b;
        System.out.println("Max = " + max);
    }
}